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2000 data sheet description NL6448AC33-18A is a tft (thin film transistor) active matrix color liquid crystal display (lcd) comprising amorphous silicon tft attached to each signal electrode, a driving circuit and a backlight. NL6448AC33-18A has a built-in backlight. backlight includes long life lamps, which are replaceable. the 26 cm diagonal display area contains 640 480 pixels and can display 262144 colors simultaneously. NL6448AC33-18A is suitable for factory automation use, because luminance is higher, and viewing direction is selectable by switching display scan direction. features ? reverse function (user set up) ? 6-bit digital rgb signals ? 3.3 v operation (5.0 v available) ? data enable function (de/fixed mode select: user set up) ? smooth polarizer surface (no antiglare treatment) ? incorporated edge type backlight (two lamps, with inverter, bright/dark selectable) ? backlight tube replaceable (refer to the tube replace manual for NL6448AC33-18A) applications ? industrial pc ? display terminals for control system ? monitors for process controller document no. en0497ej1v0ds00 date published february 2000 p printed in japan the information in this document is subject to change without notice. please confirm with the delivery specification before starting to design the system. tft color lcd module NL6448AC33-18A 26 cm (10.4 inches), 640 480 pixels, 262144 colors, luminance adjustable, non anti-glare panel
NL6448AC33-18A 2 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 structure and functions a tft color lcd module comprises a tft lcd panel, lsis for driving liquid crystal, and the backlight. the tft lcd panel is composed of a tft array glass substrate superimposed on a color filter glass substrate with liquid crystal filled in the narrow gap between two substrates. the backlight apparatus is located on the backside of the lcd panel. rgb (red, green, blue) data signals from a source system is modulated into a form suitable for active matrix addressing by the onboard signal processor and sent to the driver lsis which in turn addresses the individual tft cells. acting as an electro-optical switch, each tft cell regulates light transmission from the backlight assembly when activated by the data source. by regulating the amount of light passing through the array of red, green, and blue dots, color images are created with clarity. block diagram digital signal processor lcd timing controller power supply circuit level shift h-driver backlight v-driver 1920 lines 480 lines tft lcd panel h : 640 3 (r, g, b) v : 480 lsls drivers r0?5 g0?5 b0?5 clk hsync vsync de/fixed mode select v cc v ddb sw5 scan select sw1 - sw 4 gnd (sg) frame gndb inverter de brtc brth brtl brthl note 1. frame and gndb (backlight ground) are contacted at the lamp holder.
NL6448AC33-18A 3 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 outline of characteristics (at room temperature) display area 211.2 (h) 158.4 (v) mm drive system a-si tft active matrix display colors 262144 colors number of pixels 640 480 pixels pixel arrangement rgb vertical stripe pixel pitch 0.33 (h) 0.33 (v) mm module size 243.0 (h) 185.1 (v) 10.5 typ. (d) mm inverter size 25.0 (h) 105.0 (v) 10.2 max. (d) mm weight 470 g (typ.) + 15 g (typ., inverter) contrast ratio 150:1 (typ.) viewing angle (more than the contrast ratio of 10:1) horizontal : 45? (typ. left side, right side) vertical : 30? (typ. up side), 20? (typ. down side) designed viewing direction ? wider viewing angle with contrast ratio : up side (12 oclock, normal scan) : down side (6 oclock, reverse scan) ? wider viewing angle without image reversal : down side (6 oclock, normal scan) : up side (12 oclock, reverse scan) ? optimum grayscale ( g = 2.2): perpendicular color gamut 56 % (typ. center, to ntsc) response time 40 ms (max.), white 100% to black 10% luminance 200 cd/m 2 (typ.) signal system 6-bit digital signals for each of rgb primary colors, synchronous signals (hsync, vsync), dot clock (clk) supply voltages 3.3 v [5.0 v] (logic, lcd driving), 12 v (backlight) backlight edge light type: two cold cathode fluorescent lamp (cold cathode type) power consumption 6.8 w (typ. at 3.3 v, 12.0 v) general specifications item specification unit module size 243.0 0.5 (h) 185.1 0.5 (v) 11.0 max. (d) mm invertor size 25.0 0.5 (h) 100 +0.7 (v) 10.2 max. (d) mm display area 211.2 (h) 158.4 (v) mm number of pixels 640 (h) 480 (v) pixel dot pitch 0.11 (h) 0.33 (v) mm pixel pitch 0.33 (h) 0.33 (v) mm pixel arrangement rgb (red, green, blue) vertical stripe display colors 262144 color weight module: 480 (max.) + inverter: 20 (max.) g C0.3
NL6448AC33-18A 4 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 absolute maximum ratings parameter symbol rating unit remarks supply voltage v cc C0.3 to 6.5 v t a = 25 ?c input voltage v i C0.3 to 6.5 v v i C v cc < 3.0 storage temp. t st C20 to 60 ?c operating temp. t op 0 to 50 ?c module surface note 1 humidity rh 95 % relative humidity t a 40 ?c no condensation 85 % relative humidity 40 < t a 50 ?c absolute humidity shall not t a > 50 ?c exceed t a = 50 ?c, 85 % relative humidity level. note 1. measured at the display area electrical characteristics (1) logic, lcd driving t a = 25 ?c parameter symbol min. typ. max. unit remarks supply voltage v cc 3.0 3.3 3.6 v v cc = 3.3 v (4.75) (5.0) (5.25) (v cc = 5.0 v) logic input l voltage v il 0Cv cc 0.3 v cmos level logic input h voltage v ih v cc 0.7 C v cc v supply current i cc C * 1 300 400 ma v cc = 3.3 v C (200) (300) ma (v cc = 5.0 v) *1. checker flag pattern (in eiaj ed-2522) (2) backlight t a = 25 ?c parameter symbol min. typ. max. unit remarks supply voltage v ddb 11.4 12.0 12.6 v C supply current i ddb C 480 550 ma 200cd/m 2 ( typ.) supply voltage sequence note 1. the supply voltage for input signals should be same as v cc . note 2. apply v ddb within the lcd operation period. when the backlight turns on before lcd operation or the lcd op- eration turns off before the backlight turns off, the display may momentarily become white. note 3. when the power is off, please keep whole signals (hsync, vsync, clk, data) low level or high impedance. 3.0 (4.75 v) 3.0 (4.75 v) 0s NL6448AC33-18A 5 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 interface pin connection (1) interface signals, power supply module side connector mating connector cn1 df9c-31p-1v (no. 1 to 31) df9-31s-1v or df9m-31s-1r supplier: hirose electric co., ltd. pin no. symbol function 1 gnd ground 2 clk dot clock 3 hsync horizontal sync. 4 vsync vertical sync. 5 gnd ground 6 r0 red data (lsb) 7 r1 red data 8 r2 red data 9 r3 red data 10 r4 red data 11 r5 red data (msb) 12 gnd ground 13 g0 green data (lsb) 14 g1 green data 15 g2 green data 16 g3 green data 17 g4 green data 18 g5 green data (msb) note 1. v cc : all v cc terminals should be connected to 3.3 v or 5.0 v. note 2. de/fixed mode select is set by sw5 on the rear side. ? de mode (factory set) de/fixed mode set up switch out of relation sw5 sw1 sw2 sw3 sw4 ? fixed mode de/fixed mode set up switch out of relation sw5 sw1 sw2 sw3 sw4 note 3. gnd is connected to the frame of the lcd module. pin no. symbol function 19 gnd ground 20 b0 blue data (lsb) 21 b1 blue data 22 b2 blue data 23 b3 blue data 24 b4 blue data 25 b5 blue data (msb) 26 gnd ground 27 de data enable 28 v cc power supply 29 v cc power supply 30 n. c. non-connection 31 n. c. non-connection lsb : least significant bit msb : most significant bit
NL6448AC33-18A 6 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 (2) backlight ? inverter side connector 1 mating connector 1 cn2 lz-5p-sl-smt lz-5s-sc3 supplier: japan aviation electronics industry limited (jae) pin no. symbol function 1v ddb backlight power supply 2v ddb backlight power supply 3 gndb backlight ground 4 gndb backlight ground 5 brthl backlight luminance select note 1 note 1. high luminance (100 %) brthl = +5 v or open low luminance (60 %) brthl = gnd ? inverter side connector 2 mating connector 2 cn3 il-z-3pl-smty il-z-3s-s125c3 supplier: japan aviation electronics industry limited (jae) pin no. symbol function 1 brtc backlight on/off signal note 1 2 brth luminance control input note 2 3 brtl luminance control input note 2 note 1. ttl level backlight on brtc = h or open backlight off brtc = l note 2. <1> a way of luminance control by a variable resistor this way works when brthl (no. 5 pin) of cn3 is opened. mating variable resistor : 10 k w 5 % minimum luminance (50 %) : r = 0 w maximum luminance (100 %): r = 10 k w <2> a way of luminance control by a voltage this way works when brthl and brtl are opend. the range of input voltage between brth and gndb is as follows. minimum luminance (50 %) : 2.5 v maximum luminance (100 %) : 1.2 v <3> a way of luminace control by a current this module can not use the luminance control by a current, because gndb is in contact with the frame. brth brtl r
NL6448AC33-18A 7 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 ? lamp side connector mating connector cn2 bhr-03vs-1 sm02 (8.0) b-bhs-tb supplier: j. s. t trading company, ltd. pin no. symbol function 1 gndb backlight ground 2v h high voltage terminal 3v h high voltage terminal cn2 cn1 cn3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 2 lower side cn1 4 30 1 3 31 upper side NL6448AC33-18A 1 note 1. cn2 is not connected each other at shipment. it should be connected, when lcd is operated.
NL6448AC33-18A 8 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 display colors vs. input data signals display colors data signal (0: low level, 1: high level) r5 r4 r3 r2 r1 r0 g5 g4 g3 g2 g1 g0 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 black 000000 000000 000000 blue 000000 000000 111111 red 111111 000000 000000 basic colors magenta 111111 000000 111111 green 000000 111111 000000 cyan 000000 111111 111111 yellow 111111 111111 000000 white 111111 111111 111111 black 000000 000000 000000 000001 000000 000000 dark 000010 000000 000000 - ||| red grayscale | | | ||| bright 111101 000000 000000 111110 000000 000000 red 111111 000000 000000 black 000000 000000 000000 000000 000001 000000 dark 000000 000010 000000 - ||| green grayscale | | | ||| bright 000000 111101 000000 000000 111110 000000 green 000000 111111 000000 black 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000001 dark 000000 000000 000010 - ||| blue grayscale | | | ||| bright 000000 000000 111101 000000 000000 111110 blue 000000 000000 111111 note colors are developed in combination with 6 bit signals (64 steps in grayscale) of each primary red, green, and blue color. this process can result in up to 262144 (64 64 64) colors.
NL6448AC33-18A 9 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 input signal timing (1) input signal specifications (de mode is default) parameter symbol min. typ. max. unit remarks clk frequency 1/t c 21.0 25.175 29.0 mhz 39.72 ns (typ.) duty tch/t c 0.4 0.5 0.6 C C rise, fall tcrf C C 10 ns C hsync period th 30.0 31.778 33.6 m s 31.468 khz (typ.) C 800 C clk display period thd 640 clk C front-porch thf 16 clk fixed mode 2 16 C clk C pulse width thp C 96 C clk fixed mode 10 96 C clk C back-porch thb C 48 C clk fixed mode 4 48 C clk adjustable range by de signal note 1) thp + thb 144 clk fixed mode 14 144 C clk adjustable range by de signal clk-hsync timing thch 12 C C ns C hsync-clk timing thcs 8 C C ns C hsync-vsync timing tvh 1 C C clk C vsync-hsync timing tvs 30 C C ns C rise, fall thrf C C 10 ns C vsync period tv 16.1 16.683 17.2 ms 59.94 hz (typ.) C 525 C h display period tvd 480 h C front-porch tvf 12 h fixed mode 112C h C pulse width tvp C 2 C h fixed mode 12Ch C back-porch tvb C 31 C h fixed mode 4 31 C h adjustable range by de signal note 1) tvp + tvb 33 h fixed mode 5 33 C h adjustable range by de signal rise, fall C C 10 ns C clk-data timing tds 8 C C ns C data-clk timing tdh 12 C C ns C rise, fall tdrf C C 10 ns C de de-clk timing tes 8 C C ns C clk-de timing teh 12 C C ns rise, fall terf C C 10 ns note 1. all of parameters should be kept in the specified range. data r0 - r5 g0 - g5 b0 - b5
NL6448AC33-18A 10 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 (2) definition of input signal timing tvp tv vsync display period note tvb tvf tvd de thp th hsync display period thb thf thd de note note 1. these do not exist as actual signals. 2. set the total of thp + thb and tvp + tvb as the table of input signal timing, otherwise display position is shifted to right or left side, or to up or down side.
NL6448AC33-18A 11 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 t c tch clk hsync tvs tvh 0.5 v cc 0.7 v cc 0.5 v cc 0.3 v cc tvrf vsync clk thcs thch 0.5 v cc 0.7 v cc 0.5 v cc 0.3 v cc thrf hsync 0.7 v cc 0.5 v cc 0.3 v cc terf de (r0 - r5) 0.7 v cc (g0 - g5) 0.5 v cc data tdrf tdrf tdh tds invalid (b0 - b5) 0.3 v cc terf tes teh tes teh invalid 0.7 v cc 0.5 v cc 0.3 v cc tcrf
NL6448AC33-18A 12 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 (3) input signal timing chart a) fixed mode 12 145 144 (note: y = 0 to 479) 784 785 800 1 clk hsync 10clk (min.) 144clk (fixed) 1clk 640clk (fixed) 16clk invalid invalid d (0, y) d (1, y) d (638, y) d (639, y) hsync invalid r0 - r5 g0 - g5 b0 - b5 34 35 513 514 515 513 514 34 3 2 1 33h (fixed) hsync vsync 4h (min.) 1h 480h (fixed) 12h hsync d (x, 0) d (x, y) d (x, 478) d (x, 479) invalid (note: x = 0 to 639) invalid d (x, y) d (639, y) invalid 1h (min.) r0 - r5 g0 - g5 b0 - b5 r0 - r5 g0 - g5 b0 - b5 4clk (min.) d (0, y) d (1, y) 33
NL6448AC33-18A 13 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 b) de mode 12 ( note: y = 0 to 479 ) 1 clk hsync thb 1clk 640clk (fixed) thf invalid invalid d (0, y) d (1, y) d (638, y) d (639, y) invalid r0 - r5 g0 - g5 b0 - b5 3 2 1 tvb hsync vsync 1h 480h (fixed) 1 de d (x, 0) d (x, y) d (x, 479) invalid (note: x = 0 to 639) invalid d (0, y) d (1, y) d (x, y) d (639, y) invalid r0 - r5 g0 - g5 b0 - b5 r0 - r5 g0 - g5 b0 - b5 thp de de tvp tvf 144 145 784 785 800
NL6448AC33-18A 14 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 display position normal scan (factory set) d (0, 0) d (1, 0) - - - d (x, 0) - - - d (638, 0) d (639, 0) d (0, 1) d (1, 1) - - - d (x, 1) - - - d (638, 1) d (639, 1) --- --- d (0, y) d (1, y) - - - d (x, y) - - - d (638, y) d (639, y) --- --- d (0, 478) d (1, 478) - - - d (x, 478) - - - d (638, 478) d (639, 478) d (0, 479) d (1, 479) - - - d (x, 479) - - - d (638, 479) d (639, 479) reverse scan d (639, 479) d (638, 479) - - - d (x, 479) - - - d (1, 479) d (0, 479) d (639, 478) d (638, 478) - - - d (x, 478) - - - d (1, 478) d (0, 478) --- --- d (639, y) d (638, y) - - - d (x, y) - - - d (1, y) d (0, y) --- --- d (639, 1) d (638, 1) - - - d (x, 1) - - - d (1, 1) d (0, 1) d (639, 0) d (638, 0) - - - d (x, 0) - - - d (1, 0) d (0, 0) note 1. the scan direction is set up by switches on the rear side. normal scan *sw5 is not related for setting up the scan direction. rotary switches sw5 sw1 sw2 sw3 sw4 reverse scan sw5 sw1 sw2 sw3 sw4 rotary switches dip switch dip switch note 2. below drawings shows relation between the scan direction and viewing direction. c n 1 c n 2 c n 1 c n 2 down side view up side view d (0, 0) d (639, 0) d (0, 479) d (639, 479) d (0, 0) d (639, 0) d (0, 479) d (639, 479) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
NL6448AC33-18A 15 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 optical characteristics ta = 25 c, at normal scan note 1 item symbols conditions min. typ. max. unit remarks horizontal q x+ cr > 10, q y = 0 30 45 C deg. note 2 q xC cr > 10, q y = 0 30 45 C deg. vertical q y+ cr > 10, q y = 0 20 30 C deg. q yC cr > 10, q y = 0 10 20 C deg. contrast ratio cr note 3 80 150 C C note 4 response time tpd white ? black C C 40 ms note 5 (100%) (10%) color gamut c at center, to ntsc 35 56 C % C luminance lu note 3 150 200 C cd/m 2 note 6 luminance uniformity C max./min. C C 1.25 C note 7 notes 1. v cc = 3.3 v, v ddb = 12 v 2. definitions of viewing angle are as follows. left right lower perpendicular upper 12 o?lock x+ x q q q y+ q y 3. viewing angle: q x = 0 , q y = 0 , at center. 4. the contrast ratio is calculated by using the following formula. luminance with all pixels in "white" luminance with all pixels in "black" the luminance is measured in darkroom. viewing angle range contrast ratio (cr) =
NL6448AC33-18A 16 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 5. definition of response time is as follows. photodetector output signal is measured when the luminance changes "white" to "black". response time is the time between 10% and 100% of the photodetector output amplitude. 0% 10% 100% tpd white black time display color luminance range 6. the luminance is measured after 20 minutes from the module works, with all pixels in "white". typical value is measured after luminance saturation. 1 photodetector (topcon bm-5a) 50 cm lcd module 7. the luminance uniformity is calculated by using following formula. maximum luminance minimum luminance the luminance is measured at near the five points shown below. (106) column line (320) (533) (80) (240) (400) 1 2 3 4 5 luminance uniformity =
NL6448AC33-18A 17 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 reliability test no. test items test conditions judgement 1. high temperature/humidity 50 2 c, 85% relative humidity note 1 operation 240 hours display data is black. 2. heat cycle (operation) <1> 0 c 3 c 1 hour note 1 55 c 3 c 1 hour <2> 50 cycles, 4 hours/cycle <3> display data is black. 3. thermal shock (non-operation) <1> C25 c 3 c 30 minutes note 1 60 c 3 c 30 minutes <2> 100 cycles <3> temperature transition time within 5 minutes 4. vibration (non-operation) <1> 5 - 100 hz, 2g note 1 1 minute/cycle, note 2 x, y, z direction <2> 120 times each direction 5. mechanical shock (non- <1> 55 g, 11 ms note 1 operation) x, y, z direction note 2 <2> 5 times each direction 6. esd (operation) 150 pf, 150 w , 10 kv note 1 9 places on a panel note 3 10 times each place at one-second intervals 7. dust (operation) 15 kinds of dust (jis z 8901) note 1 hourly 15 seconds stir, 8 times repeat notes 1. display function is checked under the same condition as lcd module out-going inspection. 2. physical damage. 3. discharge points are shown in the figure.
NL6448AC33-18A 18 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 general cautions next figures and sentence are very important, please understand these contents as follows. this figure is a mark that you will get hurt and/or the module will have damages when you make a mistake to operate. this figure is a mark that you will get an electric shock when you make a mistake to operate. this figure is a mark that you will get hurt when you make a mistake to operate caution do not touch an inverter on which is stuck a caution label while the lcd module is under the operation, because of dangerous high voltage. (1) caution when taking out the module <1> pick the pouch only, when taking out the module from a carrier box. (2) cautions for handling the module <1> as the electrostatic discharges may break the lcd module, handle the lcd module with care against electrostatic discharges. <2> as the lcd panel and backlight element are made from fragile glass material, impulse and pressure to the lcd module should be avoided. <3> as the surface of polarizer is very soft and easily scratched, use a soft dry cloth without chemicals for cleaning. <4> do not pull the interface connectors in or out while the lcd module is operating. <5> put the module display side down on a flat horizontal plane. <6> handle connectors and cables with care. <7> when the module is operating, do not lose clk, hsync, or vsync signal. if any one of these signals is lost, the lcd panel would be damaged. <8> the torque for mounting screw should never exceed 0.294 nm (3 kgfcm). (3) cautions for the atmosphere <1> dew drop atmosphere should be avoided. <2> do not store and/or operate the lcd module in high temperature and/or high humidity atmosphere. storage in an electro-conductive polymer packing pouch and under relatively low temperature atmosphere is recommended. <3> this module uses cold cathod fluorescent lamps. therefore, the life time of lamp becomes short conspicuously at low temperature. <4> do not operate the lcd module in high magnetic field. caution
NL6448AC33-18A 19 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 (4) caution for the module characteristics <1> do not apply fixed pattern data signal for a long time to the lcd module. it may cause image sticking. please use screen savers if the display pattern is fixed more than one hour. (5) other cautions <1> do not disassemble and/or reassemble lcd module. <2> do not readjust variable resistors, switches, etc. <3> when returning the module for repair, etc. pack the module not to be broken. we recommend the original shipping packages. liquid crystal display has the following specific characteristics. there are not defects nor malfunc- tions. the display condition of the lcd module may be affected by the ambient temperature. the lcd module uses cold cathode tube for backlighting. optical characteristics, like luminance or uniformity, will change in the progres of time. uneven brightness and/or small spots may be observed depending on different display patterns.
NL6448AC33-18A 20 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 outline drawing: front view (unit in mm) 11 max. caution high voltage 2- 2.5 f (5) 2.5 0.2 5 0.3 (13) (82) 104pwbr1 5 0.3 2.5 0.2 (15) 25 0.3 105 ?.3 +0.7 (161.8) (bezel opening) (158.4) (display erea) 132.6 0.3 2-r1.75 (4.7) 14.6 0.3 il-2-3pl-smty (jae) lz-5p-sl-smt (jae) 7.5 typ (8.1) (3.9) (2.9) (4.7) (62.2) (1.8) (3.15) display erea center module center 4-cpims m2 l4 2- 3.5 f 7.5 typ (4) (2.8) (5.7) (5.1) 17 0.3 (4) 11 max (2.8) (5.7) (29.4) (5.1) 5 0.3 2.5 0.2 2.9 2.5 0.2 5 0.3 7.5 typ (88.3) (3.7) cn1 df9c-31p-1v 243 0.5 235 0.3 (215.4) (bezel opening) (211.2) (display erea) (4.8) 7.2 0.3 (9.3) (3.9) (2.9) 11.0 max. 166.6 0.3 185.1 0.5 (12.9) (8.1) (16.4) (21.6)
NL6448AC33-18A 21 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 outline drawing: rear view (unit in mm) caution high voltage k2000a762402 NL6448AC33-18A es2228421 a100100100100 made in japan name 104dlm-17 s pal no ***-* the tef color lcd panel contains cold cathode flourescent lamps. please follow local ordinances or regulations for its disposal bhr-03vs-1 (jst) 1pin: cold.2.3pin: hot 60 10 (3.4) (4.5) (8) (6.8) (4.45) (3.4) (3.4) (4.5) (6.8) (8) 104pwbr1 (31.7) (37.45) (43.2) (48.95) (54.4) (5.6) (2.4) (5.3) (5) (6.6) (2.4) (5.3) (5) 2.3 0.5 df9c-31p-1v (hirose) (16.4) (21.6) (0.25) sw4 sw3 sw2 sw1 sw5 83.3 0.5 4.0 0.5
NL6448AC33-18A 22 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 [memo]
NL6448AC33-18A 23 data sheet en0497ej1v0ds00 [memo]
NL6448AC33-18A no part of this document may be copied in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of nec corporation. nec corporation does not assume any liability for infringement of patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of third parties by or arising from use of a device described herein or any other liability arising from use of such device. no license, either express, implied or otherwise, is granted under any patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of nec corporation or of others. while nec corporation has been making continuous effort to enhance the reliability of its electronic components, the possibility of defects cannot be eliminated entirely. to minimize risks of damage or injury to persons or property arising from a defect in an nec electronic components, customers must incorporate sufficient safety measures in its design, such as redundancy, fire-containment, and anti-failure features. nec devices are classified into the following three quanlity grades: "standard", "special", and "specific". the specific quanlity grade applies only to devices developed based on a customer designated "quality assurance program" for a specific application. the recommended applications of a device depend on its quality grade, as indicated below. customers must check the quality grade of each device before using it in a particular application. standard: computers, office equipment, communications equipment, test and measurement equipment, audio and visual equipment, home electronic appliances, machine tools, personal electronic equipment and industrial robots. special: transportation equipment (automobiles, trains, ships, etc.), traffic control systems, anti-disaster systems, anti-crime systems, safety equipment and medical equipment (not specifically designed for life support) specific: aircrafts, aerospace equipment, submersible repeaters, nuclear reactor control systems, life support system or medical equipment for life support, etc. the quality grade of nec devices is "standard" unless otherwise specified in nec's data sheets or data books. if customers intend to use nec devices for applications other than those speci fied for standard quality grade, they should contact an nec sales representative in advance.

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